A Discussion on the Renaissance Art and Its Influences Essay

1. The Renaissance style is considered as a collective movement related to the reawakening of art – particularly drawing, painting, sculpture, and architecture – that centered in Italy from 1300-1600 (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 265-266).   This movement evolved over the years as people – tired of the medieval life of poverty and sickness – started to develop new world views.   These world views centered on essential and profound questions related to human beings, their lives, and their purposes in lives.   They formed striking similarities to the Greco-Roman intellectual discourses, which were overshadowed during the dark times of the medieval age but rediscovered during the reawakening period of the Renaissance. Experts agreed that the Renaissance movement started in Florence, Italy, then a trading center between Europe and the rest of the world and a platform for exchange of ideas, purchase of arts, and commissioning of literary works (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 267).   In Italy, people began to question tradition and authority, focus on life on earth, shape their own destinies, educate their selves and revisit the classical teachings from Greece and Rome.   Teachings from Italy were then dispersed elsewhere in Europe and the world through the printing press, a revolutionary invention during the Renaissance (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 265). See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay One example of a Renaissance art that is a symbol of the inner health of the people during that era was Raphael’s School of Athens (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 315).   This painting pictured the great minds who existed in the city of Athens in Greece – Socrates, Plato and Aristotle – who were gathered in what appeared to be a school.   In the painting, the great minds seemed to be enthralled in a lively exchange of ideas.   Experts said that School of Athens attempted to show that the ancient greats of Greece were as good as the Renaissance men of Leonardo, Raphael and Michelangelo.   In fact in the painting, the three Renaissance artists were supposed to be Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Another example of a Renaissance art that embodied the dynamism and transformation peculiar to the period was the sculpture of Michelangelo of David when the artist was at a relatively young age of 26 (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 286). David was depicted as a civilized and a thinking individual who contemplates on challenges without immediately resorting to unnecessary brute.   David was said to represent the brightness of the Renaissance man.   It was also said to epitomize the confidence that the people then were feeling in influencing their destinies in terms of trouncing evil and gaining victories. Renaissance humanism is a notion that sprang during this period.   This notion placed emphasis on the capacity of human beings to manipulate their future without overreliance on the church (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 287).   Although much of the art works had religious themes, the works portrayed religious icons as humans.   Such portrayal made light of the religious canons imposed by the church.   Instead, the portrayal highlighted the human spirit and its capacity to elevate to great heights.   One example of an art work that displayed humanism was Sandro Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, which depicted the goddess as an innocent woman with the use of pastel colors.   Another example is Simone Martini’s Annunciation, where an angel painted in realistic human dimensions and appearance appeared to tell Mary that she will bear God’s son. The rebirth of the artistic movement in Italy was largely attributed to the successful businessmen in the city of Florence who fed, trained, educated and provided for the basic needs of the artists (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 268).  Ã‚   These patrons commissioned works based on clear-cut agreements. The powers of these businessmen from the Medici family stretched all the way to Rome, allowing many artists to secure contracts to accomplish religious works of arts for the Catholic Church.  Ã‚   The patronage of the Medici family for the artists was crucial to the Renaissance as artists were elevated to a stature important to the beautification and strengthening of the culture of Florence.   When the Medici family declined, artists went to Rome where they received the patronage of the pope (Weekly Lectures, n.d.). 3. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, there had been a fierce and widespread sentiment about the perceived abuses of the Catholic Church (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 240).   People felt that the leaders of the church were leading extravagant lives that contrasted with the generally modest, if not poor, living of the majority of the people.   There were classes within the population that wanted to lead  Ã‚  Ã‚   towards positive change.   People were also weary of being caught in the cross-fire of conflicts between the Catholic Church and Kings, both desired power and wealth. To top these off, people were staring to change their beliefs about the capabilities of human beings during the Renaissance. These situations were the precursors to the ushering of the Protestant Reformation, which was set off by German monk Martin Luther.   Luther questioned the corruption and moral degradation in Rome and in the whole of the Catholic Church through his writings in The 95 Theses.   The Church however was not willing to change its ways.   It then financed the Counter-Reformation (Cunningham and Reich, 2009, p. 297). Immediately, art became the medium of propagating the beliefs of the Protestants, who had their bailiwicks in northern Europe, and Catholics, whose strongholds were in the south.   For the Catholics, art must focus on religious contents with certain symbolisms that magnify the holiness of the contents.   The Catholic art was similar to the art that had prevailed in the Middle Ages.   For the Protestants, Catholic religious contents in arts were idolatrous that must be destroyed through iconoclastic movements during the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant art was similar to the art of the humanist Renaissance artists who depicted contents in realistic settings. As a response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church introduced a Counter-Reformation.   It instituted a few changes within the church but became more austere in regulating heresy.   Regulations covered the arts, sending Catholic painters to produce religious contents similar to those done during the Middle Ages. Content in arts was the distinguishing factor between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.   For the Protestants during the Reformation, paintings centered on mundane activities of everyday existence.   Occasionally, paintings drawn out of scenes from the Bible were made.   However, these paintings depicted the religious contents in a humanistic manner.  Ã‚   Simple scenes found in regular occasions were also contained in paintings.   Generally, the contents did not attempt to glorify contents through symbols. For the Catholics during the Counter-Reformation, paintings focused on idealized religious contents that contained symbolisms of holiness, omnipotence, and great glory.   These religious contents were idealized in terms of appearance and the environment in which they were depicted to move.   Painters did not paint flaws.  Ã‚   They likewise veered from common scenes experienced by common people.   Some of the religious contents depicted in the Counter-Reformation included Catholic saints, sacraments, traditions, and codes of belief taught by the Catholic Church. The arts during Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation were divergent largely because of the opposing world views espoused by the Protestants and the Catholics.   On one hand, the Protestants believed that man could shape his destiny and approach God because the sacrifices of Christ were enough to save human souls.   On the other hand, the Catholics believed that intermediaries like saints and the Virgin Mary were needed to help Catholics approach God and enter the gates of heaven. Because intermediaries were needed, Catholics created relics where divine powers were supposed to reside.   A form of these relics is a typical painting created during Reformation.   Catholics worshipped the relics and sought from these relics intervention in order to get the graces of God. Because Protestants believed in the value of man and Christ’s sacrifices, they loathed these relics and called these relics channels of idolatry.

Business Administration Essay

You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 8 pages and is made up of 7 Sections. Name: Sophie Griffith-Allen Section 1 – Know the employment rights and responsibilities of the employee and employer 1. Identify four main points that would be included in a contract of employment. If possible, use an example contract to support your answer (feel free to obscure any confidential information). In a contract of employment there are certain details which need to be included about the employer and employee, such as their names. Other information that must be included are about the job itself, such as job title, date of employment, duties and responsibilities that are expected from the employee. At Morrisons a probationary period of 13 weeks is included in a contract of employment and the employees contracted hours of work per week. 2a) List three key points of legislation that affect employers in a business  environment. Health and safety Act 1974 Copyright designs and patents Act 1988- Copyright refers to laws that control the use of the work of a creator, such as an artist or author. For a copyright to apply to a piece of work it must be an original idea of their own that is put to use. Data protection Act 1998 2b) List three key points of legislation that affect employees in a business environment. †¢ Pensions- Are very important for employees as the government think that people aren’t saving enough money towards pensions, as of 2012 pensions will undergo a considerable amount of change. †¢ Pay-there is lots of legislation about employee pay. Some examples include: The Equality Act 2010 which contains measures to protect women from being paid less than men for doing the same job. †¢ The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 an Act that was introduced to prevent very low pay. †¢ Employment rights and responsibilities- ‘Employees are expected to carry out their work in a way that has regard to the safety of others. Employers are expected to abide by a range of requirements governing such aspects as providing safe machinery and equipment, carrying out regular health and safety checks, ensuring the training of employees in health and safety issues, and carrying out a risk assessment to assess the dangers of particular work activities.’ http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/people/rights-and-responsibilities-of-employers-and-employees.html#axzz2ENr4by5I 3. Identify a range of places where a person can find information on employment rights and responsibilities. You should identify at least two internal and two external sources of information. Sources of information where a person can find information on employment  rights and responsibilities are internal sources, such as books and documents held within the organisation, informed colleagues and line managers. Another source of information is external which are found outside of an organisation, such as libraries, the government, equality and human rights commission. 4. Describe how representative bodies can support employees. Representative bodies are one of the ways that employees can receive help and support in the work place. The best known examples of representative bodies are trade unions, which are a large organisation that represent the interests of their membership, they can offer assistance through work based representatives and they will also have regional and national expertise that they can use. Union representatives have a right to paid time to help employees, some of the areas where they can support employees are health and safety, workforce agreement, pensions, information and consultation representation. 5. Briefly describe employer and employee responsibilities for equality and diversity in a business environment. You should give at least two employer responsibilities and two employee responsibilities. If possible, provide relevant equality and diversity procedures from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. In any organisation it is important for everyone to be treated equally. Employees and employers should be treated in a fair way and to be given equal opportunities. This is why there are certain responsibilities to be followed by employees and employers to prevent discrimination, such as people who are doing the same job equally well should all be rewarded fairly. It is morally right to treat people fairly and to avoid unfair discrimination. To prevent discriminatory and unfair behaviour there have  been many laws put in place. Both employers and employees should make sure that inappropriate labelling, stereotyping and prejudice do not influence the way an organisation operates. ‘At Morrisons the issue of equality and diversity are taken very seriously. They recruit, develop and keep the most talented people regardless of gender, race, disability, age sexual orientation, religion and nationality. Morrisons is dedicated to being an equal opportunities employer and support all employees to make the best of their skills’. ‘’Our policy aims to ensure that no job applicant or employee receives less favourable treatment. We will treat staff, potential staff and the public fairly and with dignity’’. 6. Briefly explain the benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment. Your answer should include one benefit for the employer, one benefit for the employee and one benefit for the overall organisation. Benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment are: Employer: Reduces the incidence of bullying and harassment. Employee: Employees will want to work harder, they feel valued, happier and more efficient. It will increase the chance of open competition for opportunities. Overall organisation: As employees are treated with equality organisations will be more successful. Helps to maintain morale and motivation of the workforce leading to increased quality of products, overall it will become more of a successful organisation. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of health, safety and security procedures  in a business environment 1. Identify employer and employee responsibilities for health, safety and security. If possible, provide relevant health, safety and security policies / documents from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. Employers and employees in any organisation have a legal duty that the working environments are safe and secure. The health and safety Act should be followed at all times. Employer responsibilities: Are to provide a secure, healthy and safe workplace that is free from hazards recognised by the organisation. Ensure that employees have safe tools, equipment and materials. Ensure that equipment provided is always properly maintained. Employers must report any fatal accidents. Employers must provide employees with accurate training and medical examinations when required. Employees responsibilities: Are to inform employers of any hazards that have accrued in the workplace. Report job-related accidents that result to injuries and illnesses. Follow the regulations of health and safety that are set by the employer. Familiarise and obey with the organisations standards. ‘Morrisons are committed to achieving and maintaining the highest standards of health, safety and security standards across the company. All staff at Morrisons receives regular health and safety training. There are many rules that all staff at Morrisons must follow in order to prevent any harm not only to staff but to their customers as well, such as always checking floor surfaces are clean with no spillages etc. Morrisons makes sure that there are always staff present that are first aid qualified in case of any incidents or accidents that have taken place. If any accidents or incidents  did occur within Morrisons all staff recognise that they must be reported as soon as possible.’ 2. Explain the purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment. The purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment include: Ensuring the safety and welfare of the individual and others is kept at all times. Ensuring the business/organisation is following relevant legislation. 3. Describe three different ways of maintaining a safe and secure business environment. Ensuring all employees have the necessary safety equipment. Taking time to find where health, safety and security responsibilities lie. To promote a safe working environment is to make sure that safety equipment used by employees is often maintained. Workers must always wear suitable clothing given for the job. Organisations should require that each new member of staff receive and read a company handbook highlighting all safety procedures, and receive regular health and safety training. Having an employee sign a statement that he/she understands and is willing to follow all safety and regulations at all times.

Dracula vs Blade

Essay – The Consequence Of Modernity The context of a point of time in history greatly influences an author’s idea to create a story, and for someone else to evolve them. Events occurring within society and the way people perceive other’s at a time also contributes majorly to the development of modernity. Bram Stoker’s novel ‘Dracula’ and David Goyer’s film ‘Blade Trinity’ contrast significantly as a result of difference in context. Weaponry had developed immensely over the two stories to cater for the advancements from one classic vampire to a fresh, modern, powerful one.The story of ‘Dracula’, set in Victorian times, consists of the simple, almost primitive weaponry, particularly ones of a superstitious and religious value. For example, Holy Water, Church Wafers, garlic and crucifixes were used mostly to ward off Dracula, but the one weapon to defeat him was a Bowie Knife, driven through the heart, causing hi s body to crumble into a pile of dust. These weapons used were suited to the times the novel was set in, and were designed to be a match for the current Dracula’s capabilities.An incredible contrast was cast between the weaponry in both texts, as ‘Blade Trinity’ evidently expressed the advancements of technology through the use of several variations of machine guns, assault rifles and pistols. Not only gun machinery was used, but also weapon ideas created for the movie under the category of ‘Nightstalker armoury’ such as laser bows and arrows, electronic pistols, and most famously known for destroying the modern-day vampire race, the Daystar Serum. This use of developed technology from Stocker’s novel to Goyer’s film created the effect of updated aspects to suit the change of attitudes in society.The intention behind these noticeable advancements of weaponry was to assist the technology to fit appropriately with the increasingly powerfu l capabilities of ‘Blade Trinity’s’ Drake. The acceptance and tolerance of violence within society would have also created a factor contributing to weaponry advancements, as weapons became incredibly lethal through the movie ‘Blade Trinity’. Due to the concept of society sharing a greater acceptance of violence in media, weaponry was the very opposite to ‘sugar-coated’, and was portrayed as destructive as possible, only serving the purpose to kill.This could have been a possible reason as to why the weaponry to fight off a vampire had developed so differently into such deadly technology. The above points help support the idea of context, and habits of society greatly contributing to the newer weaponry designed to suit and adapt to the ‘villains’ they are used to fight with against. The change in times can almost ‘transform’ characteristics of a character, as evident through the two comparing texts. Stokerâ€℠¢s Dracula and ‘Blade Trinity’s’ Drake display a great physical difference between them, which became obvious through comparison.Dracula’s dark appearance was firstly portrayed through Stoker’s novel as â€Å"†¦clad in black from head to foot, without a single speck of colour about him anywhere. † He was also described as sporting a heavy moustache, massive eyebrows, and bushy hair. He was of age, and wore distinctive and unmistakeable features upon his face. Appearance is an immediately noticeable difference between the two versions of head vampire, as Drake is portrayed visually as a modernised, young, handsome and clean-cut variation. He wore as clothes; a chest-bare, white buttoned up shirt and pants, as well as several necklaces.Already, the colour difference of garments is clear, as the fully-black clothed Dracula portrays a dark, classic look, whereas Drake sports a westernised uniform, almost perfectly fitting into the rest of so ciety. As exposed through the scene of Drake marching almost fiercely through the busy streets of an American city, his appearance assists him to virtually blend in with the rest of the commonly dressed, city-goers. Unlike Drake, Dracula unquestionably stood out from any person commonly dressed, even in the Victorian Era.This gave the effect of an obvious modernisation, and again, was an aspect created to suit the current audience and social habits. Differing context can prove to not only impact how a character is portrayed visually, but also how society perceives them, particularly with the uncertain concept of vampires possibly still being a myth or legend within both texts. Stoker’s Dracula was generally feared by his surrounding community, and believers of vampires tended to be over-superstitious of the danger he may bring to people.The myth of vampires was a topic infrequently found in an average conversation, as it was dreaded that even discussion would transport cursed luck and risks. Superstition is conveyed through the scene of the innkeeper’s wife delivering the ominous warning to Harker by cautioning him that â€Å"All the evil things in the world will have full sway†, before placing the Crucifix around his neck as a religious offering to hopefully serve the purpose of protection. This gives the effect that Dracula has a power above others, simply because they are fearful of him.Also, the way Dracula is written about expresses a sense that he may or may not intentionally give off an unwelcoming presence that tends to linger and produce a discomfort or fear among people within his surroundings, mostly in the earlier chapters of the novel. The contrast in comparison to society’s perception of Drake is tremendous, as the myth or legend of vampires is far from a secret in the 21st century world of ‘Blade Trinity’. It is seen through the opening scene that vampires are discussed commonly on news events, designed t o assert and inform the public of any danger emerging within the city.This shows immediately that the public is obviously used to hearing about the possible risks that arise with the company of vampires, which can again support the idea of rates of modernity and development does in fact depend of how and how often changes in attitudes and culture occurs within society. A scene example of the general whole of society’s views and perception in Blade Trinity was the tattoo parlour of which Drake had entered, and to his disgust, was mocked by several dozens of comedic merchandising, Dracula-themed products.Drake became visibly outraged, taking out his frustration on the shopkeeper’s, as he was clearly insulted with the modernisation progress vampires were experiencing, having some aspects of their lives portrayed a little too light-heartedly and humorously. This scene is an example of the great contrast of which seriousness seemed to begin to be lacking from the vampire my th concept, whereas such merchandise products supplied in the Victorian times would have been less than humorous.These examples again support any reason for change and modernisation occurring simply to adapt to the forever-changing social interests of the public. The average women of Victorian times were nothing other than lady-like, pure, and honourable without question. That is why there is such a severe distinction when compared to some particular hard-hitting, courageous and heroic females of the 21st century, such as ‘Blade Trinity’s’ character Abigail.Firstly, ‘Dracula’s’ leading female characters Mina and Lucy are great examples of typical, virtuous Victorian women, and are both also men-focused. Lucy portrays an obvious sexual magnetism, and cannot help but be drawn to several men. Evidently she is offered three proposals in one day, and proudly expresses, â€Å"Why can’t they let a girl marry three men, or as many want her, an d save all this trouble? † Mina is a different kind of man-focused Victorian woman, as she is far from sexually driven unlike Lucy, and cares only for further ways to be useful and valuable to her husband.The two girls possess common womanhood values, and act only as socially accepted as woman, which is to behave in a feminine and respectable manner, with the exception of acting as a sexual tease when desired. Whereas in Blade Trinity, it is seen that Abigail (a strong-headed, determined tomboy), is the complete opposite of the original characteristics possessed by Mina and Lucy. Abigail competes with the equivalent strength and determination of her male team partner Hannibal King, and is often the one rescuing Hannibal from danger.She possesses a fearless personality, and demonstrates brute-strength in scenes such as the train station, of which teenage-vamps’ attempt to devour her decoy baby and herself, but are stopped immediately once she whips out her lethal weapons , specifically designed for destroying vampires. She proves to be close to physically unstoppable, and has the willpower to take over the world. This swapping of gender roles is a reflection of what is currently recognised by society as a positive concept, as the 21st century’s restrictions on what woman are capable of in a man’s world are decreasing.Therefore a consequence of modernity would be that gender roles may have become less specific in society, which is reflected in the personality changes of characters of ‘Dracula’ compared to ‘Blade Trinity’. In conclusion, acceptable practices and cultures within society are what influence the advancements and modernisation of one story to another. Cultures are constantly changing, therefore ideas such as gender roles and technology within stories for example, will forever be adapting to the demands of society at that present time.

Telemedicine Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Telemedicine Project - Essay Example On the specifications, there are very specific demands that the outfit seeking to go into telemedicine must provide. Examples of these specifications include Once an outfit is ready to provide all of these requirements and meet the criteria spelt above, it can be considered for the practice of telemedicine. Generally, these requirements are in place, given the fact that they help in ensuring that there is the standardization of practice in a manner that protects and guides the interest and needs of patients and the general public (USPMC, 2002). They are also in place to ensure that the execution of telecommunication is done in a manner that can guarantee the safety of service providers (Zur, 2014). Whereas there are requirements and criteria to identify what people and organizations must have in place in order to practice telemedicine in the U.S, there are also laws and regulations that control the practice of telemedicine after all requirements have been met and practice has been set rolling (APA., 2011). Overall, there about 10 areas of legal and regulations areas that are focused on in the U.S. These include Under each of these areas, the Center for Telehealth and E-Health Law, the Federation of State Medical Boards, and the Federal Office for the Advancement of Telehealth ensures that there are separate legal provisions provided to service providers to ensure that they provide service practice that are in line and in accordance with the fundamental legal protection of both patients and the health service. In terms of licensure, the regulation ensures that people have the right license to operate before they do so. All regulations on fraud seek to protect the public against any cases and incidence of fraud. The food and drug administration regulations and also ensures that the provision of any form of medicine is valid and safe. Issues on security also ensure that there is maximum guarantee on the

Managing Creativity & Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Creativity & Change - Essay Example Creativeness is the major pillar that will lead to change since if the managers and the whole fraternity of the firm are creative then the organization will have a lot of changes thus achieving their goals while at the same time attaining a competitive edge. The hierarchal management changed because of three reasons; global economy, working environment and improved technology. Tips to manage change and creativeness Change and creativeness in an organization leads to new innovation and thus the goal has been achieved. The first option to manage change and creativeness in the firm is first agreeing the business case with the members who are actively involved. Secondly is to understand the number of stakeholder in the new programme. This means that one has to explain how the programme will work and what it entails. Thirdly is encouragement to those who are affected by change making sure that they are fully involved in the decision making process. For change to be accepted in the firm ma nagers must explain the importance that will have to outweigh the disadvantages of the old system. Fourthly is to make sure that all the staffs and the management have the required skills (Clark, 1980). Fifth is to make sure that change must be implemented into phases to make it effective so as to achieve the goals. The next tip is behavioral changes to the staffs this means that the implementers must be quick to respond to the feedback and listen so that they can be aware of successfulness of the change to the individuals. This means that acceptance areas must be known and the rejection and weaker areas addressed accordingly. The next tip is to make sure that technology has worked for the first time, this stage delays and frustration are... Change and creativeness in an organization lead to new innovation and thus the goal has been achieved. The first option to manage change and creativeness in the firm is first agreeing on the business case with the members who are actively involved. Secondly is to understand the number of stakeholder in the new program. This means that one has to explain how the program will work and what it entails. Thirdly is the encouragement to those who are affected by change making sure that they are fully involved in the decision-making process. For change to be accepted by the firm managers must explain the importance that will have to outweigh the disadvantages of the old system. Fourthly is to make sure that all the staffs and the management have the required skills (Clark, 1980). Fifth is to make sure that change must be implemented in phases to make it effective so as to achieve the goals. The next tip is behavioral changes to the staffs this means that the implementers must be quick to re spond to the feedback and listen so that they can be aware of successfulness of the change to the individuals. This means that acceptance areas must be known and the rejection and weaker areas addressed accordingly. The next tip is to make sure that technology has worked for the first time, this stage delays and frustration are normal to the firm but the most important thing is to make sure that user testing has taken place. And lastly is to make sure that no other change should be carried before the first is successfully accepted in the firm.

W 2 OM Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W 2 OM Discussion - Essay Example Even though this system has been described by Asnis (2002) as being effective in controlling the deterioration of health cases, it has also been criticized as not being preventive in nature. This is because with this system, there must be a risk indicator before proactive interventions are sent by government. Based on the weakness with the system, it would be noted that the best way to make the system effective is to ensure that it is approached from both a preventive perspective and a curative perspective. To do this, government must deepen research that aids in the forecasting of possible health risks. With such forecasted results, it will be possible to predict some areas that are not currently prone to certain health risks but may be at risk in future. Most certainly, with such an effective preventive approach, there can be much guarantee that government spending on healthcare can be reduced (Meredith and Shafer, 2014). This is because the amount of money government have always spent on its curative duties have been more than the government have spent in preventing the escalation of health risks (Meredith and Shafer,

Pre-Self Assessment Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pre-Self Assessment Survey - Essay Example Basic assessment is the horsepower towards self-assessment and scrutiny (Ersegovac 2008). In the journey towards literacy, one ought to sit down and start contemplating on their abilities, their respective faults notwithstanding. Thus, after assessing, one is prone to mapping the means forward. This exercise is engaging and one ought, to be honest, and ready to begin problem solving and rectification whenever it deems necessary in the course of the activity. Create a culture. Information Literacy This is the ability of an individual to point out when there is a need for specific information/intelligence, procure it, evaluate it and further utilize it for solving the quandary/problem at hand. Information intelligence/literacy is an upper hand resource and a major advantage/competency to those individuals who possess it, since; the information literacy expertise is used to, effectively, enhance intelligent levity in a particular society (Bothma, et al 2008). At contemporary times in a society that is overtly informational, one ought to possess the literacy to uphold competency and hoist his/her socio-economic banner. This extends that these individuals brighten up in terms of information literacy; therefore, obtaining an added advantage/upper hand in the procurement of the intelligence they require solving their issues. Over recent times, the idea of information Literacy has been incorporated into the society in the practitioner fields to enhance rapid solutions to student’s dilemmas. It has been applied in the libraries and high education agencies in proper management, since; it has been reiterated and perceived to be extremely beneficial and foolproof to minor challenges in the management of academic agencies that are extremely fragile to minor blunders (Brine 2009). Over time, it has been dubbed as the way to socio-culture-economic affluence in a civilized and organized society of the modern world. Pre-Self Assessment Survey In my entire learning proces s in this institution, I have had numerous experiences regarding and resulting from my failures and abilities.  

What Do You Think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Do You Think - Essay Example First of all, the HR Director of the construction company should organize an interaction session. In this session the director should suggest the major stakeholders of the organization to realize the significance of women employees. Recently it has been seen that women staffs are considered as more effective employees who can mange several conflicts in an effective way. It is true that the managerial capability of women is much higher comparing to the men. In addition to this, the HR Director should motivate its employees to work together with employees. Collaborative work and effective workplace diversity strategy can help the director to hire skilled women employees. The human resource department should develop workplace equity policy in order to take care of the morale rights of women employees. This strategy will help the organization to avoid workplace conflicts and improve its productivity. On the other hand, the goodwill of the organization can get increased among its internal and external stakeholders. It is true that male employees have the ability to do the hard work and avail more physical ability comparing to the women individuals. In terms of managerial skills, organization can get advantages from women leaders. It is important for the organization to motivate the male employees before implementing any employment equity policy. The organization should redefine the reward structure and performance evaluation process to motivate the male employees. In addition to this, the HR department should organize an orientation process in which the director can help them to understand the significance of collaborative work performance and workplace diversity. Skilled Men and women employees in a group can enhance collaborative group work (Poelmans 174). There are several competitive advantages to implement this initiative. Diverse workforce with female staffs can help the organization to bid for several leading private

Describe fully how corporate governance has developed in the UK from Essay

Describe fully how corporate governance has developed in the UK from the early 1990's to the present day, outlining as appropriate the key influences on the development - Essay Example The Cadbury Report came up with a significant number of recommendations. Amongst the most important ones were the separation of the role of chairman and chief executive, an increase in the number of non-executive directors on the board of a company, the selection process of non-executive directors and the need for good internal controls over the operations of a company. The issue of thick amounts being paid out as director’s salary and share options being granted to the top management led to the issuance of the Greenbury Report in 1995. The report recommended the creation of a remuneration committee comprising of non-executive directors (BOURNE 2007). The purpose of this committee was to determine the pay of executive directors. Moreover, the report required extensive disclosure in the financial statements about directors’ salary and other benefits granted to them by the company. In early 1996, a committee by the name of Hampel Committee was established to determine whether the principles laid down by the Cadbury and Greenbury Reports were even put into practice by companies or not. The Hampel Committee came up with the Hampel Report which led to the eventual publication of the much famous Combined Code of Corporate Governance in 1998. The Combined Code covered a lot of important areas like director’s remuneration, accounts and auditing, company’s dealings with major or institutional shareholders, operations of the board of directors and the responsibilities of institutional shareholders. The Code applied to all the listed companies in the UK from almost the start of 1999 till November ’03 when the Revised Code was issued. The Combined Code also required companies to provide a statement in their annual reports telling how they have complied with the principles laid down in the code (LYSANDROU 2007). There was much confusion over how companies should implement the teachings of various codes into their business.

Rethinking Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Rethinking Performance Management - Essay Example In regards to such the paper tends to analyse the performance management system in the light of motivational theories and employee and organisational productivity parameters. Introduction Performance management is defined as an ongoing process with respect to communication which is undertaken between the employees and the immediate supervisors which tends to establish a clear, shared understanding and expectation about the work that is to be performed. It is a system which included various components which are needed in the system of performance management in order to add value in the organisation, the mangers and finally the staffs (Bacal, 2011, p.4). Performance management is said to be critical and necessary component both for individual and organisation effectiveness. Performance managements is all about assessment and feedbacks and real and effective gains in performance requires committed and thoughtful process of feedbacks and evaluation. An important part in the performance m anagement is the process of PM. Personal today has stated that performance management have existed for more than 80 years. According to research done by Personnel Today has revealed that poor performance still is an important and prevailing issue in more than 96% of the organisation. This paper aims to find out the reason as to why poor performance still tends to be an important issue. In the process of measuring performance management, there are many various steps which are required to complete the performance management process. Managing performance in the organisation usually requires an understanding of the context through which the process ends to occur. However the reality is that performance management needs to start at an early stage before the employees start to work with the strategic objectives and also before acting on the core values of the company or the organisation (Cardy & Leonard, 2011, p.3). Main Findings Critical Evaluation of the Process and Core Components of a Performance Management System Performance management is termed as a process and not an event. It is necessary to improve and maintain the performance of the organisation and the individual. Without receiving feedbacks or evaluation, there exist no basis for improving and maintaining the performance. Thus in order to maximise the performance, a careful as well as committed approach is required in the process of feedback and evaluation. But an effective performance management is a tool that just not requires evaluation and feedbacks but much more than it. It involves various numbers of steps and each is crucial for the performance to be improved and maintained. Figure 1: Performance management model (Source: Tansky & Heneman, 2006, p.117) As shown in the above diagram, performance management involves diagnosis which means that the performance needs to be observed in relation with the cause for the performance and the required changes which are necessary to make. In addition to

RFID Technology Essay Example for Free

RFID Technology Essay RFID is a general term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity data of an object wirelessly, using radio waves. This is sometimes referred to as contact-less technology and a typical RFID system is made up of three components: tags, readers and the host computer system. Tags An RFID tag is a tiny radio device, it’s also referred as a transponder. The tag comprises of a simple silicon microchip attached to a small flat aerial and mounted on a substrate. The whole device can then be encapsulated in different materials (such as plastic) dependent upon its intended usage. The finished tag can be attached to an object, typically an item, box or pallet and read remotely to ascertain its identity, position or state. Different types of RDIF Tags available are passive and active, used as per the RDIF data read / write requirement. Readers – The reader, sometimes called an interrogator or scanner, sends and receives RF data to and from the tag via antennas. A reader may have multiple antennas that are responsible for sending and receiving radio waves. Host Computer – The data acquired by the readers is then passed to a host computer, which may run specialist RFID software or middleware application to filter the data and route it to the correct IS application as processed useful information. RFID can help hospitals to locate equipment more quickly, logistics providers to improve the management of moveable assets, brings efficiencies in the supply chain by tracking goods from the point of manufacture through to the retail stores, used as EZ card for toll-collections, remote car door access. Use of RFID technology can increase business productivity and reduce associated costs. Because of such potential benefits of RFID, many of the world’s major retailers have adopted RFID tagging for pallets and cases shipped into their distribution centers. To ensure that companies benefit from the advantages RFID provides it is important to understand how to adopt this technology. RDIF technology is been accepted by many retail chains like Wal-Mart, Tesco, Metro etc. For the supply chain and operations it provides increased levels of product and asset visibility. Retailers are looking at using the RFID technology to automatically receive shipments, and have greater visibility into the merchandize in the warehouse and on the store shelves. Few of the current Issues Facing RFID Adoption * Globally interoperable standardization problem: RFID has been implemented in different ways by different manufacturers; global standards are still being worked on. Because no global standards defined for RFID adoption, interoperability between applications or devices are not possible, which can significantly accelerate the adoption of RFID technology. * Environment: Working environment is another issue of RFID Usage. The first one is water and liquids which can absorb the radio energy signals and thereby limit range or prevent tag read/write operations altogether. Metals are another material that generally reflect radio frequency signals and deflect the radio waves, thus altering their path. The temperature of the tagged products also affected the readings. Another issue in cased by dense reader or dense tag environment are collision which cause poor read rates. Dense reader environment consist of several readers places in one closed area resulting same tag been read by multiple readers resulting reader collision. A dense tag environment involves tags placed too closely to each other resulting in tag collision because of overlap in electromagnetic waves generated by the tags interferes when being interrogated by the reader. Right type of tag/reader has to be used depending on the product, tagging level, and operational environment. The right fit is in many cases obtained through tests, which will increase read rates and accuracy. * Data management: Many conversations about RFID inevitably end up by high volume of data and data management issues that are expected to arise from tagging individual products especially in retail store environment. Data management is a key issue for any organization deploying RFID technology, and the robust middleware is required to handle that much amount of data and route it to the right database is most concerned. The right architecture is required to filter and translate RFID into useful information. Also it’s important to identify what useful RFID data should be collected and stored, which will enable easier data management and processing.

Multicultural competency Essay Example for Free

Multicultural competency Essay Multicultural competency is indeed an essential tool required in dealing with clients who have different races, perceptions and cultures. Having this skill will be of a great advantage in the progress of counselling sessions. Moreover, according to Pedersen, multiculturalism is â€Å"a wide range of multiple groups without grading, comparing, or ranking them as better or worse than one another and without denying the very distinct and complementary or even contradictory perspectives that each group brings with it† (1991, p. 4). To effectively handle multiculturalism situations in counselling, counselors must develop different levels of awareness which are the following: â€Å"self-awareness, awareness of one’s own culture, awareness of racism, sexism and poverty, awareness of individual differences, awareness of other cultures and awareness of diversity. † More so, to be successful in obtaining multicultural competency, counselors must also be aware of different theories and specific counselling practices. But the most important point to remember is that counselors must first build on a â€Å"sense of worth† for their respective cultural backgrounds before they can start understanding other cultures (Locke, 1986, pp. 119-137). Response to Post No. 2 Jennifer Weeks Among the three weaknesses mentioned by the counselor, I think that the problem on terminating an interview with a client is the counselor’s main problem. In any session, I think time is of the essence. Clients pay the counselors per hour so they should get their money’s worth for very second that they spend with their counselors. In line with this, counselors should develop a systematic way of establishing client-counselor relationship and at the same time effectively and quickly resolving the issues of the clients in order to maximize the time allotted for the sesssion. Also, counselors should learn how to end the interview without being rude or impolite. This can be done by setting up a timeline for the session and preparing fillers which will be used to divert the flow of the conversation if it gets beyond the timeline or the focus for that specific session. References Locke, D. C. (1990). A not so provincial view of multicultural counseling. Counselor Education and Supervision, 30, 18-25. Pedersen, P. B. (1991). Introduction to the special issue on multiculturalism as a fourth force in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 4.

Global Warming: Technical Solutions

Global Warming: Technical Solutions Evaluate the Technological Solutions Available to Ameliorate Global Warming Introduction Global warming has been proven to be the direct result of anthropogenic causes or man-made interventions with nature. Starting with the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th Century, technologies have been developed that resulted in the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which trap the sun’s radiant energy. This enhanced greenhouse effect gradually raises the earth’s surface temperatures and is projected to create irregular environmental conditions, namely: the melting of polar ice caps, rising of sea level, profound agricultural changes resulting from climate change, extinction of species, abnormal weather conditions, increased incidence of tropical diseases, disappearance of ecological niches and disruption of drinking water supply, (Global Warming, 2004). Since global warming offers a great potential to create catastrophic effects on the environment as a whole, it becomes a global issue, requiring the involvement of the whole international community in finding ways to ameliorate its adverse effects, (Baird, 2006). Global greenhouse gas emissions that are causing global warming come from different sectors. Figure I below shows the global greenhouse gas emissions by sector data: Land use change and forestry contribute the highest greenhouse gas emission rate (19%); followed by electricity (16%); agriculture (14%); transport (13%); other fuel combustion (11%); manufacturing and construction (10%); waste (4%); and industrial (3%) and combined heat and power (3%). The Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p. 1) asserts that â€Å"because there are so many sources of these gases, there are also many options for reducing emission.† This paper evaluates the available technological solutions to ameliorate global warming by presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Moreover, such solutions will be presented on a sectoral basis, starting with land use, forestry and agriculture; followed by electricity, and finally by the transportation sector. Land Use, Forestry and Agriculture Sector Technology Land use and forestry technology includes carbon accounting, sequestration, and biofuel production. 1. Carbon Accounting and Sequestration According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC (2000), carbon stock enhancement from land use, land –use change and forestry activities are reversible and therefore require careful accounting. Carbon accounting technology, which involves land-based accounting and activity based accounting, provides accurate and transparent data on carbon stocks and/or changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sink. These data are required to assess compliance with the commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, carbon accounting will help determine relevant carbon pools that can be used in the production of an alternative source of fuel, such as biofuels. Changes in carbon stocks can be technically determined with the use of activity data, remote-sensing techniques, models derived from statistical analysis, flux measurement, soil sampling and ecological surveys. However, the cost of carbon accounting increases as precision and landscape heterogeneit y increases, (IPCC, 2000). As a result of careful carbon accounting, excess carbon can then be captured or sequestered in order to be utilized as fuel source. An example of carbon sequestration technology is the Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle Process or IGCC, which allows for easy sequestration of carbon for long term storage in underground geological formations. However, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated), cautions that further research is needed to test the viability of large scale underground storage of carbon in a long term scale. 2. Biofuel Technology Biofuel production or biomass gasification ensures lower greenhouse gas emission levels by converting waste wood and biomass into biofuels that could replace fossil fuels. The report of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p. 4), maintains that agricultural lands can be planted with carbon-dioxide fixing trees that can be used for fuel production. This will result to land use changes that may have multiple indirect benefits such as improvement of soil, air and water quality; and increase in wildlife habitat. However, study findings suggest that the cultivation of corn and soybeans for biofuel production produces adverse environmental impacts, such as the leaching of pesticides and nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers into water resources, (Manuel, 2007). Moreover, biofuels are from two to four times more expensive than fossil fuels and are not believed to compete well in the marketplace. For example, â€Å"a fuel –cost comparison indicates that while gasoline could be refined for 15 to 16 cents per liter (in the late 1980s), the cost of biofuels ranged from an average of about 30 cents per liter (for methanol derived from biomass) to 63 cents per liter (for ethanol derived from beets in the United Kingdom)†, (Barbier et al. 1991, p. 142; cited in Johansen, 2002, p. 266). Electricity Sector Technology According to the Pew Center on Global Climate Change Report (Undated), power plants and coal combustion that supply electric power account for the greenhouse gas emissions on the electricity sector. Technological solutions available for this sector to address global warming include: 1. Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle Process The Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle Process or IGCC, is a power generation technology that improves the efficiency of electric power and heat generation with the use of a combination of fossil fuels and renewable energy. It enables clean gas production and the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions with the use of high performance gas turbines, (Abela, et al., 2007). Moreover, air pollutants such as particulate matter, sulphur, nitrogen and mercury are removed from the gasified coal before combustion, (Abela, et al., 2007). However, the major disadvantage of using this technology is its high cost of operation, which is about 20% more than the operating cost of a traditional coal plant, (Wikipedia, undated). 2. Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy sources such as the wind, solar and water can produce electricity without releasing greenhouse gases and are thus important in the amelioration of global warming. a. Wind Power Wind power technology harnesses the power of the wind which is an indirect form of solar power, to supply energy. Some have propeller type devices, while others have vertical axis designs, which possess the ability to accept wind from any direction. According to Elliott (2003), wind power is already an essential source of energy; and that in 2002, the total generating capacity has reached 24,000 megawatts, with costs decreasing significantly with technology development. However, this technology often has large space requirements, due to the need of the wind turbines to be grouped together in wind farms, in order to facilitate sharing of connections to the power grid. Moreover, there should be a separation of about 5 to 15 blade diameters between individual wind turbines, in order to â€Å"prevent turbulent interactions in wind farm arrays† , (Elliott, 2003, p. 135). b. Solar Power Radiant energy can be captured and utilized to generate electricity which may be used to operate solar batteries or may be transmitted along normal transmission lines. Radiant energy is collected in a photovoltaic cell, which is a bimetallic unit that allows direct conversion of sunlight to electricity. The only drawback of utilizing photovoltaic cells is its high cost. However, recent â€Å"developments in the semiconductor industry have significantly brought down prices†, (Elliott, 2003, p.132). Electric power generation has also been accomplished with the use of big solar heat-concentrating mirrors and parabolic troughs and dishes that track the sun across the sky and focus its rays so as to raise steam, (Elliott, 2003, p130), and consequently produce electricity. One major disadvantage of using solar power technology is that it works only during the day and requires electrical storage mechanisms at night. Additionally, radiant heat is insufficient in cold regions and in ar eas with extensive cloudy periods, resulting in low amount of energy collection. c. Water Power Hydropower is the world’s biggest renewable source of energy. It is deemed as one of the most acceptable and cleanest technologies whereby a unit of water produces hydropower cumulatively by passing through the turbines of many dams along the descent of a river†, (Gibbons, 1986, p. 86). According to Elliott (2003, p. 151), â€Å"there is around 650 GW of installed capacity in place, mostly in 300 large projects. However, in recent years, there have been social and environmental concerns about large hydros, and some new projects have met with opposition†. Its adverse environmental impacts include the destruction of large areas of natural vegetation and agricultural land for water storage; biodiversity loss, flooding and displacement of population, (Elliott, 2003). 3. Geothermal Power Geothermal power is not considered a renewable resource when used at rates of extraction greater than their natural replenishment. With sustainable use, however, geothermal power can be effectively harnessed to provide electricity. Geothermal energy comes from the heat of the earth and can be categorized into geopressured, magma, hydrothermal and hot dry rock, (Wright, 2002, p. 362). According to Hobbs (1995, cited in Wright, 2002, p. 362), commercial operations are mostly in the form of hydrothermal systems â€Å"where wells are about 2000 metres deep with reservoir temperatures of 180 to 270 °C.† Although geothermal systems produce less than 0.2 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by coal or oil-fired plant, they also emit non-condensable gases such as small quantities of sulphur dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and hydrogen. Additionally, such systems cause induced seismicity and ground subsidence. They are also capital-intensive investments that require f inancial and technical assistance, (Wright, 2002, p. 362). Transport System Technology The transportation sector has one of the highest greenhouse gas emissions rate, after land use and forestry, electricity and agriculture sectors. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated), recommends the use of â€Å"off the shell† technologies that are currently available in the market, which significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions of conventional cars and trucks. These â€Å"off the shell† technologies focus on increasing energy efficiency, fuel blending and the use of advanced diesels and hybrids. Additionally, long term technological options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are now gradually being developed which include the use of biofuels, electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cells. a. Fuel Blending Fuel blending involves the mixing of ethanol and other biofuels with gasoline to produce more-environment friendly fuels. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p. 4), asserts that corn-based ethanol can reduce greenhouse emissions to at least 30% â€Å"for each gallon of regular gasoline that it replaces†. b. Diesels and Hybrids Diesel and hybrid engines offer excellent fuel economy and overall fuel efficiency. However, they also emit air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulates. Newer diesel engine models, however, use very sophisticated fuel-injection systems, which result in vehicles that have better acceleration with reduced emissions, vibration, and noise†, (Doyle, 2000, p. 383). Moreover, because diesels and hybrids afford excellent fuel economy, they use less gas on a per mile basis, thereby producing less greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional cars and trucks. â€Å"When both technologies are combined in a diesel hybrid vehicle, it can yield a 65-percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per mile†, (Green and Schafer, 2003; cited in The Pew Center on Global Climate Change Undated, p.6). c. Biofuels As previously mentioned, biofuels offer cleaner emissions than regular gasoline. Agricultural and forest products can be processed to produce ethanol that may be combined with gasoline and enable significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Corn-based, cellulosic and sugar-cane-based ethanols have been proven to significantly reduce emissions, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated). d. Electric Vehicles Electric vehicles offer cleaner emissions by reducing the amount of pollutant and greenhouse gas release in the air. They release â€Å"30 percent less hydrocarbons and 15 percent less nitrogen oxides† than conventional vehicles, (Doyle, 2000, p. 289). In the past, electric cars needed advances in battery storage. Thus, the â€Å"plug-in† hybrid was developed in order to solve the battery storage problem. The â€Å"plug-in† hybrid â€Å"is a gas- electric vehicle that can be charged at home overnight†, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated). e. Hydrogen Fuel Cells Hydrogen fuel cells â€Å"produce power by combining oxygen with hydrogen to create water†, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated, p.6). Hydrogen is obtained from natural gas by reforming and is combined with oxygen that is readily available in the air, which generates electricity continuously. The fuel cells replace combustion turbines in integrated cycles, resulting in increased fuel efficiency of 46-55 percent. However, there is a need to find ways to produce hydrogen with minimal emissions, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated). Conclusion A careful analysis of the global greenhouse gas emissions by sector is essential in identifying the needed technological solutions to help curb or reduce gas emissions. By focusing the effort to reduce emissions of the higher contributing sectors, the overall efforts to address global warming effects can be effectively channeled. Thus, it is imperative to focus on the available technologies that address the adverse effects of global warming on the following sectors: land use and forestry, electricity, agriculture and transport. In its comprehensive report on technological solutions for climate change amelioration, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p.2), claims that â€Å"there is no single, silver bullet technology that will deliver the reductions in emissions that are needed to protect the climate†. It further recommends the integration of a portfolio of solutions wherein the identification of useful technologies should be based on the analysis of key economic sectors. Moreover, it suggests that policy makers should prioritize the creation of incentives that will release the power of the marketplace in developing solutions. In the final analysis, further research and development of more exact and cost-effective portfolio of technologies that ameliorate global warming effects must be advocated. References: Abela, M., Bonavita, N., Martini, R., 2007. Advanced process control at an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. Available from: http://library.abb.com/GLOBAL/SCOT/scot267.nsf/VerityDisplay/62CF14177B1A39D2852572FB004B4EB3/$File/AC2%20ISAB_ABB.pdf. [Accessed: 11 August 2007]. Baird, S. L., 2006. Climate Change: A Runaway Train? The Human Species Has Reshaped Earths Landscapes on an Ever-Larger and Lasting Scale. The Technology Teacher, 66(4), 14+ Doyle, J. 2000. Taken for a Ride: Detroits Big Three and the Politics of Pollution. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. Elliott, D., 2003. Energy, Society Environment. New York: Routledge. Gibbons, D. C., 1986. The Economic Value of Water. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. Global Warming. 2004. In the Columbia Encyclopedia (6th Ed.). New York: Columbia University Press Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2000. IPCC Special Report: Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Summary for Policy Makers. Available from: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/spmpdf/srl-e.pdf. [Accessed: 10 August 2007}. Johansen, B. E., 2002. The Global Warming Desk Reference. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Manuel, J., 2007. Battle of the Biofuels. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(2), 92+. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Undated. Climate Data: A Sect oral Perspective. Climate Change 101: Understanding and Responding to Global Climate Change. Available from: http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/pew_climate_101_techsolutions.pdf. [Accessed: 10 August, 2007]. Wikipedia. Undated. Combined Cycle. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle#_note-0. [Accessed: 11 August 2007]. Wright, R. M., 2002. Energy and Sustainable Development. In Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean, Goodbody, I. Thomas-Hope, E. (Eds.) (pp. 307-385). Barbados: Canoe Press.

History and Development of Robotics Essay -- Robotics Robot

Robotics ABSTRACT This paper discusses three aspects of the field of robotics The first is the history of where the ideas of robotics originated. Second, what was the effect that these ideas had on society? Finally, what developments in the field have proved to be useful to society? INTRODUCTION "Klatuu verita nicto!" These are the words spoken to turn away the robot that would destroy the earth in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still. Hollywood has portrayed the robot as both a friend and an enemy. In many instances, such as in The Day the Earth Stood Still, they can be controlled, but if one gets loose it will cause great destruction. In the Star Wars trilogy their are three robotic characters that play large roles. Two of the robots, C3PO and R2D2, are friendly and harmless. They are both on the side of good. However, they are contrasted by Darth Vader, who being partially man, but mostly robot, is portrayed as the antagonist of all that is good. Not only Hollywood, but also science fiction literature has helped to produce certain expectations concerning what a robot should look like and how it should act. The result of these expectations has not always been good for the field of robotics. Some would say the attempt to make a robot is an attempt to 'play god' and to recreate man. Others would argue that robots might become so intelligent that they would take over and replace humans. There is no better example of this than the movie Terminator, which begins with a world ruled by machines who are trying to kill the remaining human population. The actual field of robotics however, has produced many products which we take for granted. The clock is a household item that was developed in the beginning stages of machine ... ...ics and we have only begun to see what they are. Precautions must be taken for the future, but the developments already made have produced great benefit and far outweigh any fearful expectations about the dangers of robotics. 1. Bonnett, Kendra, and Gene Oldfield. Everyone Can Build a Robot. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc, 1984. p 2. 2. Asimov, Isaac, and Karen A. Frankel. ROBOTS: Machines in Man's Image. New York: Harmony Books, 1985. p 2. 3. Ibid. p 4. 4. Ibid. p 1 - 2. 5. Ibid. p 1 - 2. 6. Aleksander, Igor, and Piers Burnett. REINVENTING MAN: The Robot Becomes Reality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983. p 25. 7. Asimov and Frankel, p 12. 8. Ibid. p 19. 9. Aleksander and Burnett, p 19 - 20. 10. 10. Ibid. p 19 - 20. 11. http:www.kipr.org 12. Ibid. 13. http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/rovercom/rovintrot.html 14. Ibid.

Fine Arts and Technology :: Education Technological Classroom Essays

Fine Arts and Technology My high school’s motto was â€Å"Excellence through diversity† which always meant to me many different views and ideas coming together to achieve something great. My school had this motto because it was the â€Å"melting pot† of the county. A large majority of Special Ed and ESOL students traveled far to attend our school. These days diversity is more than just the different cultures and backgrounds the students have attending. The curriculum itself as-well-as the methods to teach it with are becoming more diverse. What really is becoming a huge staple in schools these days is technology. Computers for example our getting their feet through the door of every subject in every school across the board and are making a huge impact on the way we look at things. Mass media classes are now available at most schools (including K-12) which only years ago were only found in specialty schools. Fine Arts and Technology are two subjects that have collided together to build majors and requirements at many universities and institutes across the nation. It borders all kind or areas including digital art and cameras to business classes and marketing. Artists are still using the same methods found years ago only they have bettered the process to do so. The only negative issue shadowing such a concept is funding for the technology. The schools and universities have to get the money to spend it on the instruments needed in the classrooms. Some schools need as much as new facilities to be able to incorporate such extravagant ideas. To further indulge in the concept one must ask what other ways are there to get the proper technology into (and outside) the classrooms and how can this be achieved? This essay will provide commentary on technology and its impact in the arts. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate how funding for technology in the Fine Arts programs can impact students’ opportunities to learn and create. I chose this topic because it hits so close to home. As an art major I see the potential in combining the two courses to form one. I also understand the importance of funding to help make all of this possible. Towson University is a great example of how funding can help or make a significant impact on the students.

The Role of Genes in the Development of Behavior Essay -- human behavi

The Role of Genes in the Development of Behavior The debate concerning the influence of genes on human behavior has been on-going for centuries. The nature vs. nurture (or heredity Vs. environment) debates are one of the longest running, and most controversial, both inside and outside psychology. It is concerned with some of the most fundamental questions a human being could ask, such as 'Why are we they way we are?' and 'why do we develop as we do?' Historically this debate has been fought from extreme perspectives, arguing that it is either nature (an individuals heredity genetic make up), or nurture (the environmental influences upon an individual) that determine a person's behavior. However in modern psychology is has generally been accepted that these are impossible positions to take. It is neither true to say that development is caused either by genetic factors or by environmental ones, but instead a constant interaction between the two. This topic is generally researched by examining individual's intelligence, for example, by comparing the results of tests on both monozygotic (MZ) and Dizygotic twins, brought up in shared and non-shared environments. Most researchers now agree that both heredity and environment contribute to intelligence, heredity and environment interact in various ways and that extremely poor, as well as enriched environment can interfere with the realization of a person's intelligence, regardless of his or her heredity. Although there are many problems in investigating this topic, these basic assumptions suggest that genes infact do play a very significant role in the development of behavior. The questio... ... --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Source 1: Hardy, M., and Heyes, S. (1996) pg232 [2] Source 2: Dobson, C, B., Hardy, M., etc (1981) pg 217 [3] Source 3: Gross,r., McIlveen,R., Coolican, H., Clamp, A., and Russell, J., (2000) pg 640 [4] Source 2: Dobson, C., Hardy, M., etc (1981) pg 219 [5] Source 2: Dobson, C., Hardy, M., etc (1981) pg 219 [6] Source 1: Hardy, M., Heyes, S., (1996) pg 237 [7] Source 1: Hardy, M., Heyes, S., (1996) pg 237 [8] Source 2: Dobson, C, B., Hardy, M., etc (1981) pg 220 [9] Source 4: Gross, R., (2003) pgs 600 - 601 [10] Source 4: Gross, R., (2003) pg 603 [11] Source 4: Gross, R., (2003) pg 603 [12] Source 4: Gross, R., (2003) pg 603 [13] Source 4: Gross R., (2003) pg 603 [14] Source 5: Heyes, N., (2000) pg 18

Classroom Management and Diversity

Samantha Formato Classroom management and diversity are two very important concepts to consider because classroom management in diverse environments can be a lot different than in less diverse environments. There is so much diversity going on now that everyone should be aware of the importance of classroom management inside the diverse environments. When I talk about diversity in this paper I am referring to ethnic and cultural diversity. There are many different strategies that can help students in more diverse classrooms feel more comfortable and be in a better learning environment.In my paper, I will be touching on five major strategies that help classroom management in more diverse classrooms. These strategies are building trust, engaging personal culture, confronting social dominance and social justice, transforming instructional practices, and engaging the entire school community. I will be talking about all of the advantages to these strategies. Another thing I will be touchin g on is the importance of classroom management in these diverse classrooms.I will also look at the differences between classroom management in less diverse environments and classroom management in more diverse environments. I will talk about my experiences observing classrooms and the differences between the classroom management strategies each teacher uses. Classroom management is a very critical part of teaching and having good classroom management in a more diverse classroom is a challenging task, but also a very important one. In more diverse environments especially, it is sometimes harder for teachers to have good classroom management.Mainly because the students in more diverse settings tend to act out more or disobey the rules. If students feel like they are in an open and trusting community at school they are more likely to succeed and listen to the teacher’s directions. Building trust, engaging personal culture, confronting social dominance and social justice, transfo rming instructional practices, and engaging the entire school community is five very important strategies that make classroom management easier. Building trust is one of the most important strategies that help classroom management in more diverse environments.Building trust entails being honest with students and having discussions about race and ethnicity with the entire class. Talking about students different cultures instead of just simply acting like they are not there. One teacher from the Apple Valley School District says, â€Å"I need to move beyond being color-blind. † The main idea of this strategy is to establish positive leaning communities in each classroom. If the students feel like their cultures and ethnicity are accepted they will feel more comfortable. Trust is such an important thing to have in a classroom in order to be able to have good classroom management.If the students feel like they can trust the teacher they will be more open and the teacher will have better control over his or her management (Howard, 2007). The second strategy is engaging in personal culture. This strategy is very important because it can be the difference between high school students dropping out of school or continuing on. The main reasoning of engaging in personal culture is to form authentic and effective relationships across differences. These relationships are very important to students who are going through school.If students feel that their teachers do not care about them they are more likely to drop out of school. Forming relationships with your students is important in order to maintain good classroom management. If the students feel like you enjoy getting to know them and that you respect them then they are more likely to listen and follow directions. If students feel like you do not respect them and could care less about them they are more likely to disobey and possibly even drop out of school all together (Howard, 2007). Confronting social dominanc e and social justice is the third strategy to better classroom management.This strategy is about making teachers aware of their surroundings and the issues that surround race and class. It forces teachers to think about race and class in a different way and causes them to better understand their students and what their students are going through. During this strategy teachers will come together and have discussions about race, class, gender, immigration, and other forms of diversity. They will open up and get a better consciousness about social dominance and diversity. This will help teachers teach their students better and make them more aware of what is going on around them (Howard, 2007). The fourth strategy is ransforming instructional practices. This strategy is crucial to having good classroom management. The main focus of this strategy is for teachers to shift their teachings to meet the diverse learning needs of students. Also, to use curriculum that honors each student†™s culture. For example, if a teacher was working in a school district that was mainly a Spanish speaking area if the teacher had to send something home to the parents they could send one paper home in English and on the back have the same paper written in Spanish. This would make it a lot easier on parents and students of mainly Spanish speaking families.This would also help classroom management because it is very important that your student’s parents understand you (Howard, 2007). The fifth and last strategy is engaging the entire school community. This strategy talks about how if you want to have good classroom management in diverse environments you not only have to involve the students, but also their parents. If the students are not getting any support from their parents it is hard for them to succeed. Teachers can help parents get more involved by sending home news letters and letting them know about any activates going on around the school.Even though this might not always get the students parents involved it still good to try. It is a lot easier to have classroom management when the students feel supported by not only the teacher, but also by their parents (Howard 21). Also students in schools with a strong sense of community are more likely to be academically motivated (Schaps, 2003). I recently observed two different classrooms, one in a diverse environment and one in a less diverse environment. The classroom I observed that was diverse is in the Northeast school district in Reading and the less diverse classroom is in the Pleasant Valley school district in Brodheadsville.The way the teachers in each of these schools manage their classrooms is completely different because of the diversity differences. The biggest difference I came across while observing these two classrooms was how serious each of the teachers has to be. From observing I realized how much harder it is to have good classroom management in more diverse classrooms. For example, in the more diverse classroom the teacher had to be very serious and the teacher in the less diverse classroom joked around a lot.The teacher in the more diverse classroom had to be serious because the students were constantly acting up. The teacher did not have time to joke around because at every moment she had to keep her students on track of what they were supposed to be doing. They constantly needed guidance. When I was observing the less diverse classroom I saw that the teacher joked around a lot. He made funny references and was all around less serious and strict. This was because his students were better behaved. They did act up at certain times, but they were always quick to get back on topic.Another thing that I realized was that the teacher in the diverse environment used all of the strategies that help classroom management and the teacher in the less diverse environment only used two of the strategies. There were a few kids in the less diverse environment that were dive rse but the teacher did not recognize them. He did not confront social dominance and justice, transform practices, or engage school community. He just acted as if everyone was the same ethnicity and ignored all differences. Which, is not always the best way to act. When a teacher acts this way even though they are teaching all of the students the same.Sometimes the students that are ethnically different can fall behind or feel as if they are not cared about. Where as the teacher in the diverse environment took advantage of her student’s differences and did all of the strategies, which helped her classroom management become better. By enforcing the strategies the classroom management becomes better because the students respect the teachers more and also usually listen better. The students and teacher benefit from using the five strategies. Keeping control of diverse classrooms is much more challenging than keeping control of less diverse classrooms.There is a big difference be tween diverse and less diverse classrooms, that is why classroom management is so important. If the teacher in the diverse environment did not use the five strategies I think it would have been very hard for her to have good classroom management in her classroom. The teacher in the less diverse environment however was able to get away with not using the five strategies because his classroom was less diverse so the students were not as hard to handle. Achieving classroom management in diverse classrooms is a very important and challenging task.Classroom management continues to be a serious concern for teachers and especially in urban and diverse learning environments (Milner 2010). Classroom management is so important in order to have a successful running class. It is easier to obtain classroom management in less diverse classrooms but there are five major strategies that help teachers achieve classroom management in diverse classrooms. I mentioned these strategies earlier, they are again building trust, engaging in personal culture, confronting social dominance and social justice, transforming instructional practices, and engaging the entire school community.Without these five strategies it would be almost impossible to gain good classroom management in diverse environments. If a teacher did not use the five strategies it is possible that his or her classroom would not have very good classroom management, depending upon if the classroom was in a diverse environment or not. Like I mentioned earlier in my paper, classrooms in less diverse environments can often get away with not using the five strategies. This is because the students are easier to manage.It is crucial however, for the teachers in the diverse environments to use the strategies. If in the future teachers decided not to use the strategies and instead decided to just ignore the differences between diverse and non-diverse environments it would cause major problems with classroom management. If a clas sroom had bad classroom management the students would suffer terribly. Some students would not care about their work, some would not listen, and some would just simply drop out.If teachers did not have control over their classrooms the students would not have anyone to listen to or pay attention to. That is why classroom management is so important. There is a way however, to help classrooms in diverse environments have good classroom management and it is to use the five strategies. If teachers in diverse settings continue to use the strategies it will help not only the teachers, by making good classroom management easier to achieve, but it will also help the students because they will learn more if they are listening and paying attention to the teacher.H. Richard Milner IV, B. T. (2010). Classroom management in diverse classrooms. Retrieved from http://uex. sagepub. com. ezaccess. libraries. psu. edu/content/45/5/560. full. pdf html Herbert Elizabeth, A. (1998). Design matters: How school environment affects children. Realizing a Positive School Climate, 56(1), 69-70. Howard Gary, R. (2007). As diversity grows, so must we. Responding to Changing Demographics, 64(6), 16-22. Schaps Eric. (2003). Creating a school community. Creating Caring Schools, 60(6), 31-33.

Effects of World War 2 Essay

â€Å"Economic effects was the most important effect of World War 2.† To what extent do you agree? World War 2 (WW2) was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 and it originated from early conflict within Europe. It involved many of the leading powers of the World including the great powers and became the most widespread war in history. The ending of WW2 led to three very important effects: social, political and economic; that greatly shaped the post-war world. I disagree that economic effects was the most important effect of WW2 because it did not last very long and did not affect a large scope of people as compared to other factors. The criteria used to evaluate the social, political and economic effects of WW2 is the duration of which the effect lasted for, the scope of people it affected and its magnitude. Economic effects did meet the magnitude and duration criteria. However, it did not fulfil the other criteria and it is ultimately political effects that is determine d as the main effect of WW2 because it fulfilled all the criteria and largely impacted the post-war world. The first criteria will be the duration of which the effect lasted for. Economic effects did not meet this criteria because the effects of financial aid that the US and USSR provided lasted for a long time. For example, the International Monetary Fund created in 1944 still exists and has lent money to countries to protect their currencies in times of difficulty. The financial aid was only provided for a short period of time just to help Europe recover from the consequences of the disastrous war. However, the effects of this still exists today and therefore economic effects fulfilled this criteria. Social effects of WW2 included a change in gender roles and family structure, more importantly, the role of women in post-war world. There was a wider range of jobs that women could take on after WW2, however, women were still treated badly as compared to the men. After WW2, women became more confident and they decided to create more feminist movements and campaigns for equal pay and rights. As of today, feminist movements are still being conducted and this shows us how these campaigns are being influence by wartime experience. The recent HeforShe campaign created by the United Nations (UN) ne wly appointed Ambassador Emma Watson serves as an example of a feminist movement influenced by the other campaigns that were sparked up because of WW2. This is why social effects fulfils this criteria  as it still impacts the world today and therefore, is a long-term effect. Political effects included the nuclear age and the development of atomic weapons after WW2. The atomic bombing of Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had a profound effect on the pot-war world. Between 1945 and 2000, 128,000 nuclear weapons were built. The nuclear escalation after WW2 started as more countries other than the US and USSR started to build nuclear weapons. The consequences of political effects still exists because countries are still building nuclear weapons as it is seen as a display of power and therefore political effects fulfils this criteria. Therefore, all these factors fulfil this criteria. The second criteria will be the scope of people the effect affected. Economic effects did not meet this criteria because world trade, a result of economic effects actually only affected Europe and the US only and had not direct impact on the world internationally. For example, when the US pressed for freer trade, Western Europe began to co-operate economically and tried to lower i ts tariffs. Economic effects did not meet this criteria because it only majorly impacted Europe and the US and not the rest of the world. Social effects also did not meet this criteria because it only affected the minorities in society like the blacks and women. In the Southern states, black labour increased and this gave black people more job opportunities which gave the blacks a wider experience of the world. Evidently, social effects only affected minor groups of people and does not fulfil this criteria. Political effects included greater unity and international co-operation. The large scale defence organisations like the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation of 1949 and regional pacts like the South East Asia Treaty Organisation set a precedent for the many international organisations that started. All these measures are taken so that countries can resolve conflicts using negotiations instead of war and this allowed the maintenance of peace amongst most of the world. Political effects is the only factor that fulfilled this criteria. The third criteria will be the magnitude of the effect and how large its impact was on post-war world. Even though financial help from the US lasted only for a short period of time, it caused the greatest economic impact on Europe. By 1952, Europe not only recovered from its initial poverty but was also on the edge of its greatest economic boom in history. Econ omic effects had a large impact of Europe and this is why it fulfils this criteria. Social effects did not cause as large  of a magnitude because its effects were mediocre. It is indeed true that women were more confident and freer from demands at home but there were no drastic changed to social systems as women were still considered beneath men. Even today, there is no gender equality as men in most parts of the world still receive more pay and rights than women. This is why social effects does not fulfil this criteria. Political effects caused the development of the cold war which was considered one of the most significant consequences of WW2. It greatly impacted Europe, making Western and Eastern Europe more divided. The cold war was a battle over ideology, making the distinction between the US and USSR even clearer. The cold war was also the closest the world ever came to another atomic war. The two superpowers of that time possessed nuclear weapons that would have been extremely detrimental to the world if launched. Political effects impacted the world to a great magnitude because the cold war included the two superpowers during that time and it caused a greater division between Western and Eastern Europe. Economic effects and political effects fulfilled this criteria. After comparing the different factors with this set of criteria, I still disagree that economic effects was the most significant effect of WW2. Economic effects only fulfilled the magnitude and scope criteria and therefore is not the most important effect. I believe that political effects is the main effect of WW2 because it fulfilled the most criteria. It was a long-term effect of war and affected large amounts of people. It also impacted the post-war world to a great extent and this is why it should be considered as the most important effect of WW2. Economic effects did pull Europe out of poverty and it also lasted very long but it did not affect the world internationally. It was only limited to Europe and the US. Social effects only satisfied the duration criteria as feminist movements still exist in the modern world today and were influenced by the WW2. On the other hand, political effects lasted very long and also pushed for better international relations that strongly impacted post-war world. Therefore, political effects is the most important effect of WW2.

English and Spanish New World Colonies Essay

Most of the powerful Western European Nations became involved in exploration of the Americas. Spain started the trend with the exploration of Columbus. Observers realized that Columbus had not discovered Spice Islands south of China, but a whole new world to the Europeans. Expeditions of exploration in search of wealth were the first action of the explorers of the new land. Immediate metal wealth was not found in the Caribbean Islands, but it was found later on the Americas mainland. England was then enticed to claim land for itself, and claimed the lands of North America and benefited from early trading posts. Spain and England both participated in the exploration and colonization of the Americas, but their ambitions were different based upon the surrounding environment. Spain focused its exploration on the lands surrounding the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific link on the Western coast of South America. Like the English, the indigenous people of the acted friendly towards the Spanish explorers, then resisted after unjust massacres occurred. This common reaction comes with the part of human nature that accepts others, and rejects them after they have participated in undesirable actions. Similar to the English, the Spanish also colonized the lands of the new world and developed large cities, which served as political and economic centers. The geography of Central and South America contributed greatly to the amount of metals and valuable resources that were extracted from the ground and from the artifacts of the natives. Unlike the English, the Spanish employed Viceroys, or officials to rule the new world to keep order. These Viceroys reported directly to the king, and could be removed from office by a court of lawyers. These rulers were essential to the vast, spread out landmass that the Spanish conquered. Encompassing many different cultures such as the Aztec and the Inca, it was essential for the Spanish to have powerful political figures to run the government in the place of a king. The English however, relied on direct ties to the royalty of England to run their colonies. The English explored the colder, less metal rich region of North America. Although North America lacked in valuable metals, it was the source of furs that would revolutionize the European economy. The English were similar in  their economic views of establishing permanent colonies after the wealth of the trapping of beavers was extracted. Located within North America were greatly diffused native populations of different tribes. This did not lend well to missionary work, or laborers. Unlike the Spanish, the English did not breed with the indigenous people, and they received slaves from Africa to satisfy their labor needs. But similarly to the Spanish, the English contributed a large amount of their revenue created in the Americas to add wealth to their kings, and to expand the size and power of their armies. Overall, the Spanish and English shared many economic goals in expansion and exploration. However, their political structure and social organization differed from the environmental conditions and the personal cultural views. The establishment in political, social, and economic centers of power was a parallel evolution between these two country’s colonies, as is the enrichment of their country’s treasury and power.

The Fundamental of Fred

Title: The fundamental of FRED Abstract: In the teaching area of digital design for master degree, there is one brand-new assignment method has come which is FRED. FRED-Item inspires students to create their own thinking into their production. There are four parts in FRED-Item which are covered every factor that should appeared in one scholar assignment. FRED-Item contains many digital types beside common essay. Students will consider not only the topic for FRED, but also the best way that can achieve their ideas in their works. Beyond that, FRED-Item has added some features that are required in design works, such as copyright and references.Keywords: FRED, FRED-Item, Thinking, Learning, Digital Design, Student, Assignment, Reference, Keyword, Education, University Content: In modern society, computer technology is widely used by universities on the earth. With it will come many new programs and courses that student can choose, which includes the digital design. Digital design is a s unrise special field in 21st century. It is a first task that how to rightly directs students to understand and learn this special field (Keane. 2012). Based on these two backgrounds, FRED, a new educational and interactive evolution, is born. What is FRED-Item?This question may become the most asked question for everyone who was the first time to meet FRED-Items. To be specified, FRED means â€Å"Freely Relational Educational Design†(Keane, 2013, p. 1). It designed and developed within Griffith University’s master degree of digital design teaching area (Keane, 2012). Or to be more precise, FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via Q&A and/or critical analysis.Superficially, FRED-Items looks like a kind of assignment. However, the information that FRED can be provided i s more than what the words show. FRED encourages students to create their own thinking and learning production. In the following content, it will make a more detailed analysis for FRED. PART 1 As what you see from the previous content, FRED’ s part 1 contains basic information. First one is the title. The quality of title decides whether it can express author’s opinion effectively or not. In FRED-Item, title should be clean and powerful as it can direct FRED’s theme immediately.The next one is keywords. Keywords identify a document’s index entry. In keyword selection, determine what your content offer is the most important thing to do, because it can help you to facilitate your keywords faster. For example, in digital design area, keywords can be 2D/3D animation, Flash website and so on. To highlight these keywords that makes readers find your items quickly and easily. Thirdly, abstract is considered a part and parcel of FRED. An abstract, viewed as the s ummary for article, is the first part that audiences will read before the body text.It can present a high-level overview within hundreds of words. Last one is FRED-Ref. As a special group of words, FRED-Ref requires student use some course discipline words in their assignments, which is FRED-Item. And the reason to do this is to access the FRED-Reference world (Keane, 2013). PART 2 There is no doubt that the content part is the major aspect of FRED-Item. With the development of science and technology, digital design has become more and more easily to catch up and remember (Batiha & Khaldoun, 2006), so the type of FRED content is varied as well.The first of all is the oldest and traditional academic essay, and then a wide variety of derivatives appeared, such as HTML, PDF and video. HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the main way that creating web pages. Many webpages we saw from Internet are makeup by HTML makeup language (Figure 1). PDF is anther method that displays i mages and texts in one file. PDF (Figure 2) means Portable Document Format (PDF Reference, 2006, p. 33). It contains many different elements, such as image, text and video. Not only that, students can choose any media formats to express their ideas and works.In other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. Formats are not only the carrier that to show public the information, but also become an express vector that describe designers’ own worlds. Besides this, the content of FRED-Item should be related to the course with students’ critical thinking. It is hard to create a FRED-item that follows all requirements. Especially there are so many different media types that can be used. Student should consider every possible material that may contain in their FRED works, design the best object and hand up to lecturers.Of course, a good conclusion is necessary for every FRED-Item because it can display your outcomes in a logical method. Figure 1 Griffith University Webpage Figure 2 PDF example image PART 3 The third part focuses on the reference, appendix and investigation of Q&A. Student will use APA style of reference to list their bibliography. APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide, 2013, para. 1) was established in 1980s by several social scientists (About APA Style ®, 2013).In modern scholar life, many learners and writers have adapted APA style. Appendix is a list of books and other works that student used for their FRED-Items. Part 4 Furthermore, investigate via Q&A is another significant part for part 4. In this section, people will see the reflection that is according to FRED-Item. This step is crucial for the whole work of FRED as it can report students their conceptual thinking. There are lots of types that Q&A can be in, such as short answer and multiple choices. And all questions and answers demand full structures that explain the key t o the questions.Speaking for the numbers of questions, there is not an absolute request for this but all questions are needed to relate to the what kind of questions that student has set (Keane, 2013). Copyright There is still one thing that should be mentioned at here, which is copyright. When students use some works, which are belonged to other people, they should identify any valid notice or accredit in their FRED-Items. As a designer, the factors of original and creative are never be copied and encroached. Reference: Griffith University Webpage, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://www. riffith. edu. au PDF example image, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://blogs. adobe. com/pdfdevjunkie/defaultPortfolioCoverSheet. jpg Keane, D. (2012). Freely Relational Educational Design. Retrieved from http://fredcdn. com/2013s1/7047qca/week02/readings/fred-davidkeane_2ndinternationalsem_teaching_gradstudents_2012k. pdf Keane, D. (2013). 2013s1-FRED-format-v20130225a. Retrieved from http://fre dcdn. com/2013s1/2013s1-share/2013s1-fred-format/2013s1-fred-format-v20130225a. doc Adobe Systems Incorporated. (2006), PDF Reference, Sixth edition, version 1. 23, p. 33.Retrieved from http://www. adobe. com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7. pdf Batiha, K. & Khaldoun, A. (2006). Digital art and design. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 5(9), 1-8. APA Formatting and Style Guide. (2013). Retrieved from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ About APA Style ®. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apastyle. org/about-apa-style. aspx Investigate via Q&A: 1. How many formats that can be used in FRED-Items? There are so many methods that can be used in FRED-Items. Formats shall include but not be limited to: HTML PDF Video TutorialIn other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. 2. Which kind of reference styles that FRED accepts? APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide , 2013, para. 1) 3. How many and what parts that made up with FRED-Items? FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via Q&A and/or critical analysis.